https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2021.2008
Pulmonary adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: A literature review
Submitted: July 12, 2021
Accepted: September 14, 2021
Published: October 11, 2021
Accepted: September 14, 2021
Abstract Views: 1799
PDF: 880
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Cancer immunotherapy aims to stimulate the immune system to fight against tumors, utilizing the presentation of molecules on the surface of the malignant cells that can be recognized by the antibodies of the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, a type of cancer immunotherapy, are broadly used in different types of cancer, improving patients’ survival and quality of life. However, treatment with these agents causes immune-related toxicities affecting many organs. The most frequent pulmonary adverse event is pneumonitis representing a non-infective inflammation localized to the interstitium and alveoli. Other lung toxicities include airway disease, pulmonary vasculitis, sarcoid-like reactions, infections, pleural effusions, pulmonary nodules, diaphragm myositis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This review aims to summarize these pulmonary adverse events, underlining the significance of an optimal expeditious diagnosis and management.
Wikipedia [Internet]. Cancer immunotherapy. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy
Farkona S, Diamandis EP, Blasutig IM. Cancer immunotherapy: The beginning of the end of cancer? BMC Med 2016;14:73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0623-5
Korneev KV, Atretkhany KN, Drutskaya MS, et al. TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis. Cytokine 2017;89:127–35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021
Kokate R. A systematic overview of cancer immunotherapy: an emerging therapy. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2017;5:31–35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2017.05.00112
Porcu M, De Silva P, Solinas C, et al. Immunotherapy associated pulmonary toxicity: biology behind clinical and radiological features. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11:305.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11030305
Brahmer JR, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Health-related quality-of-life results for pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in advanced, PD-L1-positive NSCLC (KEYNOTE-024): a multicentre, international, randomised, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:1600-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30690-3
Wang DY, Salem JE, Cohen JV, et al. Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:1721–8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3923
Shannon VR, Anderson R, Blidner A, et al. Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) 2020 clinical practice recommendations for the management of immune-related adverse events: pulmonary toxicity. Support Care Cancer 2020;28:6145-57.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05708-2
Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med 2018;378:158-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1703481
Toi Y, Sugawara S, Sugisaka J, et al. Profiling preexisting antibodies in patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:376–83.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5860
Naqash AR, Yang LV, Sanderlin EJ, et al. Interleukin-6 as one of the potential mediators of immune-related adverse events in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade: evidence from a case report. Acta Oncol 2018;57:705–8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2017.1406668
Johnson DB, Balko JM, Biomarkers for immunotherapy toxicity: are cytokines the answer? Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:1452–4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3858
Lim SY, Lee JH, Gide TN, et al. Circulating cytokines predict immune-related toxicity in melanoma patients receiving anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25: 557–63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2795
Zhai X, Zhang J, Tian Y, et al. The mechanism and risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Biol Med 2020;17:599-611.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0102
Nishino M, Giobbie-Hurder A, Hatabu H, et al. Incidence of programmed cell death 1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2016;2:1607-16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2453
Langer CJ, Gadgeel SM, Borghaei H, et al. Carboplatin and pemetrexed with or without pembrolizumab for advanced, non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised, phase 2 cohort of the open-label KEYNOTE-021 study. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:1497-508.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30498-3
Epler GR. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: definition and clinical features. Chest 1992;102:S2–6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.102.1_Supplement.2S
Zhong L, Altan M, Shannon VR, Sheshadri A. Immune-related adverse events: Pneumonitis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1244:255-69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_13
Barjaktarevic IZ, Qadir N, Suri A, et al. Organizing pneumonia as a side effect of ipilimumab treatment of melanoma. Chest 2013;143:858-61.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-1467
Asher N, Marom EM, Ben-Betzalel G, et al. recurrent pneumonitis in patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncologist 2019;24:640-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0352
Shibaki R, Akamatsu H, Fujimoto M, et al. Nivolumab induced radiation recall pneumonitis after two years of radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 2017;28:1404-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx115
Nishino M, Chambers ES, Chong CR, et al. Anti-PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4:289-93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-15-0267
Cho JY, Kim J, Lee JS, et al. Characteristics, incidence, and risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2018;125:150-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.09.015
Nishino M, Ramaiya NH, Hatabu H, et al. PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lymphoma patients treated with single-agent pembrolizumab therapy. Br J Haematol 2018;180:752-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14441
Marvisi M, Ramponi S, Balzarini L, Mancini C. A "crazy paving" pattern on ct scan in a patient treated with pembrolizumab. Curr Drug Saf 2019;14:242-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886314666190312115648
Gounant V, Brosseau S, Naltet C, et al. Nivolumab-induced organizing pneumonitis in a patient with lung sarcomatoid carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2016;99:162-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.07.010
Fiset PO, Shapera S, Butler MO, Tsao MS. Anti-PD-1-associated organizing pneumonia in a responding melanoma patient. Ann Oncol 2016;27:1649-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw178
Rickard F, Hyams C, Low AT. Pneumonitis: a serious adverse effect of PD-L1 inhibitors including pembrolizumab. BMJ Case Rep 2018;2018:bcr2018224485.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-224485
Li H, Ma W, Yoneda KY, et al. Severe nivolumab-induced pneumonitis preceding durable clinical remission in a patient with refractory, metastatic lung squamous cell cancer: a case report. J Hematol Oncol 2017;10:64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-017-0433-z
Koyama N, Iwase O, Nakashima E, et al. High incidence and early onset of nivolumab-induced pneumonitis: four case reports and literature review. BMC Pulm Med 2018;18:23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0592-x
Ip J, Beliao S, Valente-Matos R, Gil N. Pulmonary side effects of nivolumab in a patient treated for gynecological malignancy. Radiol Case Rep 2018;13:542-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2018.02.015
Hsu PC, Li SH, Yang CT. Recurrent pneumonitis induced by atezolizumab (anti-programmed death ligand 1) in NSCLC patients who previously experienced anti-programmed death 1 immunotherapy-related pneumonitis. J Thorac Oncol 2018;13:e227-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2018.06.022
Tonk EHJ, van Lindert ASR, Verhoeff JJC, Suijkerbuijk KPM. Acute-onset pneumonitis while administering the first dose of durvalumab. Case Rep Oncol 2019;12:621-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000502202
Naidoo J, Wang X, Woo KM, et al. Pneumonitis in patients treated with anti-programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 therapy. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:709-17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.2005
Kichenadasse G, Miners JO, Mangoni AA, et al. Multiorgan immune-related adverse events during treatment with atezolizumab. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020;18:1191-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2020.7567
Delaunay M, Cadranel J, Lusque A, et al. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors associated with interstitial lung disease in cancer patients. Eur Respir J 2017;50:1700050.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00050-2017
Kato T, Masuda N, Nakanishi Y, et al. Nivolumab-induced interstitial lung disease analysis of two phase II studies patients with recurrent or advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2017;104:111-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.12.016
Bargagli E, Bonti V, Bindi A, et al. Fibrotic lung toxicity induced by cytotoxic drugs, radiation and immunotherapy in patients treated for lung cancer. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2018;88:917.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2018.917
Reed VA, Rizvi N. Managing pulmonary toxicities associated with immunotherapy: A case discussion. Oncologist 2019;24:730-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0241
Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Travis W, Lynch JP 3rd. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001;22:423-34.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-17385
Kaarteenaho R, Kinnula VL. Diffuse alveolar damage: a common phenomenon in progressive interstitial lung disorders. Pulm Med 2011;2011:1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/531302
Kanaoka K, Ikebe S, Ihara S, et al. Durvalumab-induced diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: an autopsy case report. Case Rep Oncol 2020;13:696-701.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000507848
Shannon VR, Subudhi SK, Huo L, Faiz SA. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with nivolumab monotherapy. Respir Med Case Rep 2020;30:101131.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101131
Nakahama K, Tamiya A, Taniguchi Y, et al. Severe acute interstitial lung disease after nivolumab in three non-small cell lung cancer patients with imaging findings of airway obstruction adjacent to lung tumors. J Infect Chemother 2017;23:826-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.07.006
Petri CR, Patell R, Batalini F, et al. Severe pulmonary toxicity from immune checkpoint inhibitor treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin: Case report and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep 2019;27:100834.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100834
Helber HA, Hada AL, Pio RB, et al. Immunotherapy-induced pneumonitis: cases report. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2018;16:eRC4030.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082018rc4030
Park H, Hatabu H, Ricciuti B, et al. Immune-related adverse events on body CT in patients with small-cell lung cancer treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Eur J Radiol 2020;132:109275.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109275
Yamakawa H, Oba T, Ohta H, et al. Nintedanib allows retreatment with atezolizumab of combined non-small cell lung cancer/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after atezolizumab-induced pneumonitis: a case report. BMC Pulm Med 2019;19:156.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-0920-9
Nguyen M, Islam MR, Lim SW, et al. Pembrolizumab induced ocular hypotony with near complete vision loss, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and arthritis. Front Oncol 2019;9:944.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00944
Kalisz KR, Ramaiya NH, Laukamp KR, Gupta A. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis: patterns and management. Radiographics 2019;39:1923-37.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019190036
Schoenfeld JD, Nishino M, Severgnini M, et al. Pneumonitis resulting from radiation and immune checkpoint blockade illustrates characteristic clinical, radiologic and circulating biomarker features. J Immunother Cancer 2019;7:112.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0583-3
Wang H, Guo X, Zhou J, et al. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis. Thorac Cancer 2020;11:191-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.13240
Spain L, Walls G, Messiou C, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of rechallenge with combination immune checkpoint blockade in metastatic melanoma: A case series. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017;66:113–7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-016-1926-2
Blanchard A, Bouchard N. Pembrolizumab-induced obstructive bronchiolitis in a patient with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Oncol 2019;26:e571-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/co.26.4859
Yamaya T, Hee HM, Aoyagi T, et al. Pembrolizumab associated bronchiolitis in an elderly lung cancer patient required the treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid, erythromycin and bronchodilators. Respir Med Case Rep 2019;28:100866.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100866
Lemanske RF, Busse WW. Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:S95-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047
Maeno K, Fukuda S, Oguri T, Niimi A. Nivolumab-induced asthma in a patient with non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2017;28:2891.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx455
Mitropoulou G, Daccord C, Sauty A, et al. Immunotherapy-induced airway disease: a new pattern of lung toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Respiration 2020;99:181-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000504968
van den Brom RR, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, et al. Rapid granulomatosis with polyangiitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibition. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016;55:1143-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew063
Takahashi N, Tsuji K, Tamiya H, et al. Goodpasture's disease in a patient with advanced lung cancer treated with nivolumab: An autopsy case report. Lung Cancer 2018;122:22-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.05.015
Montaudie H, Pradelli J, Passeron T, et al. Pulmonary sarcoid like granulomatosis induced by nivolumab. Br J Dermatol 2017;176:1060-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14808
Hunt BM, Vallieres E, Buduhan G, et al. Sarcoidosis as a benign cause of lymphadenopathy in cancer patients. Am J Surg 2009;197:629-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.01.004
Frohlich M, Wang H, Sakr L. Sarcoid-like reaction discovered on EBUS-TBNA of intrathoracic lymph nodes during immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2020;43:75-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0000000000000298
Danlos FX, Pages C, Baroudjian B, et al. Nivolumab-induced Sarcoid-like Granulomatous reaction in a patient with advanced melanoma. Chest 2016;149:e133-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.10.082
Cousin S, Toulmonde M, Kind M, et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis induced by the anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab. Ann Oncol 2016;27:1178-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw125
Al-Dliw M, Megri M, Shahoub I, et al. Pembrolizumab reactivates pulmonary granulomatosis. Respir Med Case Rep 2017;22:126-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.07.010
Tetzlaff MT, Nelson KC, Diab A, et al. Granulomatous/sarcoid-like lesions associated with checkpoint inhibitors: a marker of therapy response in a subset of melanoma patients. J Immunother Cancer 2018;6:14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-018-0323-0
Cotliar J, Querfeld C, Boswell WJ, et al. Pembrolizumab associated sarcoidosis. JAAD Case Rep 2016;2:290–93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2016.06.004
Firwana B, Ravilla R, Raval M, et al. Sarcoidosis-like syndrome and lymphadenopathy due to checkpoint inhibitors. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2017;23:620–24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155216667635
Eckert A, Schoeffler A, Dalle S, et al. Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody induced sarcoidosis in a metastatic melanoma patient. Dermatology.2009;218:69–70.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000161122
Vogel WV, Guislain A, Kvistborg P, et al. Ipilimumab-induced sarcoidosis in a patient with metastatic melanoma undergoing complete remission. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:e7–10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.9693
Wilgenhof S, Morlion V, Seghers AC, et al. Sarcoidosis in a patient with metastatic melanoma sequentially treated with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody and selective BRAF inhibitor. Anticancer Res 2012;32:1355-9.
Berthod G, Lazor R, Letovanec I, et al. Pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis induced by ipilimumab. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:e156–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.3298
Tissot C, Carsin A, Freymond N, et al. Sarcoidosis complicating anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 monoclonal antibody biotherapy. Eur Respir J 2013;41:246–7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00107912
Reule RB, North JP. Cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis-like reaction associated with ipilimumab. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:e272–3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.028
Toumeh A, Sakhi R, Shah S, et al. Ipilimumab-induced Granulomatous disease occurring simultaneously with disease progression in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Am J Ther 2016;23:e1068–71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000266
van den Eertwegh AJ, Versluis J, van den Berg HP, et al. Combined immunotherapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced allogeneic prostate cancer cells and ipilimumab in patients with metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:509–17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70007-4
Reuss JE, Kunk PR, Stowman AM, et al. Sarcoidosis in the setting of combination ipilimumab and nivolumab immunotherapy: a case report & review of the literature. J Immunother Cancer 2016;4:94.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-016-0199-9
Faviez G, Bousquet E, Rabeau A, et al. Sarcoid-like granulomatosis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoints inhibitors. Rev Mal Respir 2018;35:963-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2018.08.003
Gkiozos I, Kopitopoulou A, Kalkanis A, et al. Sarcoidosis-like reactions induced by checkpoint inhibitors. J Thorac Oncol 2018;13:1076-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2018.04.031
Kyi C, Hellmann MD, Wolchok JD, et al. Opportunistic infections in patients treated with immunotherapy for cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2014;2:19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-1426-2-19
Oltolini C, Ripa M, Andolina A, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection during pembrolizumab immunotherapy for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: Case report and review of the literature. Mycopathologia2019;184:181-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-018-0291-4
Schwarz M, Kocher F, Niedersuess-Beke D, et al. Immunosuppression for immune checkpoint-related toxicity can cause pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A report of 2 cases. Clin Lung Cancer 2019;20:e247-e50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2018.12.006
Del Castillo M, Romero FA, Argüello E, et al The spectrum of serious infections among patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade for the treatment of melanoma. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:1490-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw539
Inthasot V, Bruyneel M, Muylle I, Ninane V. Severe pulmonary infections complicating nivolumab treatment for lung cancer: a report of two cases. Acta Clin Belg 2020;75:308-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2019.1629078
Gupta A, Tun A, Ticona K, Baqui A, Guevara E. Invasive aspergillosis in a patient with stage III (or 3a or 3b) non-small-cell lung cancer treated with durvalumab. Case Rep Oncol Med 2019;2019:2178925.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2178925
Uchida N, Fujita K, Nakatani K, Mio T. Acute progression of aspergillosis in a patient with lung cancer receiving nivolumab. Respirol Case Rep 2017;6:e00289.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rcr2.289
Anand K, Sahu G, Burns E, et al. Mycobacterial infections due to PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. ESMO Open 2020;5:e000866.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000866
Fujita K, Terashima T, Mio T. Anti-PD1 antibody treatment and the development of acute pulmonary tuberculosis. J Thorac Oncol 2016;11:2238-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.07.006
Jurado JO, Alvarez IB, Pasquinelli V, et al. Programmed death (PD)-1:PD-ligand 1/PD-ligand 2 pathway inhibits T cell effector functions during human tuberculosis. J Immunol 2008;181:116-25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.116
Kolla BC, Patel MR. Recurrent pleural effusions and cardiac tamponade as possible manifestations of pseudoprogression associated with nivolumab therapy- a report of two cases. J Immunother Cancer 2016;4:80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-016-0185-2
Tanaka K, Yanagihara T, Ikematsu Y, et al. Detection of identical T cell clones in peritumoral pleural effusion and pneumonitis lesions in a cancer patient during immune-checkpoint blockade. Oncotarget 2018;9:30587-93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.25743
Pradère P, Boutros C, Scoazec JY, et al. Pulmonary nodules and immunotherapy: disease progression or toxicity of anti-PD1/anti-PDL1 checkpoint inhibitors? Eur J Cancer 2018;93:144-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.12.013
Safa H, Bhosale P, Weissferdt A, Oliva ICG. Difficulties in differentiating between checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis and lung metastasis in a patient with melanoma. Immunotherapy 2020;12:293-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2019-0122
Haddox CL, Shenoy N, Shah KK, et al. Pembrolizumab induced bulbar myopathy and respiratory failure with necrotizing myositis of the diaphragm. Ann Oncol 2017;28:673-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw655
John S, Antonia SJ, Rose TA, et al. Progressive hypoventilation due to mixed CD8(+) and CD4(+) lymphocytic polymyositis following tremelimumab–durvalumab treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2017;5:54.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-017-0258-x
Pradere P, Michot JM, Champiat S, et al. Allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis following treatment with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibody therapy. Eur J Cancer 2017;75:308-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.12.027
How to Cite
Georgakopoulou, Vasiliki Epameinondas, Nikolaos Garmpis, Dimitrios Mermigkis, Christos Damaskos, Serafeim Chlapoutakis, Konstantinos Mantzouranis, Aikaterini Gkoufa, et al. 2021. “Pulmonary Adverse Events Due to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Literature Review”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 92 (2). https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2021.2008.
Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Evaggelina Papakanderaki, Konstantinos Kanakakis, Sotirios Goule, Maria Chounti, Panagiotis Hountis, Clinical significance of positive Raoultella Ornithinolytica and Staphylococcus hominis cultures in a post lobectomy patient. A case report , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 88 No. 1 (2018)
- M. Lusuardi, G. Garuti, M. Massobrio, L. Spagnolatti, S. Bendinelli, Heart and Lungs in COPD. Close friends in real life - separate in daily medical practice? , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 69 No. 1 (2008): Pulmonary series
- E.I. Metaxas, K. Kotsifas, G. Tatsis, P. Simpsiris, I. Ntanos, G. Tsoukalas, Tuberculous pericarditis: three cases and brief review , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 73 No. 1 (2010): Pulmonary series
- Giuseppe Patti, Ludmilla Mantione, Edoardo Bressi, Antonio Bisignani, Efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulant therapy in frail patients with atrial fibrillation , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 88 No. 2 (2018)
- F. Falcone, M. Majori, D. Grosso, F. Fois, R. Trisolini, Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy and Endobronchial Ultrasound , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 75 No. 1 (2011): Pulmonary series
- Lilit Gevorgyan, Ruzanna Grigoryan, Kostyantyn Dumchev, Kristina Akopyan, Anush Khachatryan, Eduard Kabasakalyan, Trdat Grigoryan, Marina Safaryan, Vardan Avagyan, Sayohat Hasanova, Alberto Matteelli, Factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes in people with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Armenia, 2015 to 2019 , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 91 No. 1 (2021)
- S.M. Candura, A. Binarelli, G. Ragno, F. Scafa, Two cases of asbestosis and one case of rounded atelectasis due to non-occupational asbestos exposure , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 69 No. 1 (2008): Pulmonary series
- G.V. Scagliotti, S. Novello, G. Selvaggi, Cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 63 No. 4 (2005): Pulmonary series
- A. Srinivasan, R. Agarwal, Cardiovocal syndrome , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 75 No. 4 (2011): Pulmonary series
- A. Celi, L. Marconi, L. Villari, A. Palla, The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 71 No. 2 (2009): Pulmonary series
<< < 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
