https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2022.2255
A cross-sectional study to determine the psychological distress among pulmonary tuberculosis patients during COVID-19 pandemic
Submitted: March 2, 2022
Accepted: May 6, 2022
Published: May 13, 2022
Accepted: May 6, 2022
Abstract Views: 2066
PDF: 356
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
COVID-19 pandemic had adversely affected the services of the National Tuberculosis (TB) Elimination Programme, resulting in psychological distress among pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB). This cross-sectional, hospital-based study included 361 PTB patients. Three pre-defined questionnaires were used for the analysis, a questionnaire to evaluate anxiety related to COVID-19, a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression, and a fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) questionnaire. Among 361 PTB patients, 13% (n=47) had COVID-19 infection. Out of the total patients, 69% (n=250) were DR-TB (drug resistance-tuberculosis) cases. Proportion of anxiety, fear and depression due to COVID-19 was found in 49% (n=177), 23% (n=83), 67% (n=247) respectively. Delay in the initiation of anti-tubercular treatment was found in 58% (n=210) of the cases, among which the majority, i.e., 69% (n=172, p=0.011), were DR-TB. This pandemic has led to a sudden step-down of PTB. Trend analysis of the psychological distress showed a peak following the COVID-19 pandemic. Most DR-TB patients had delayed initiation of the anti-tubercular treatment during the pandemic. The preponderance of the younger age group was seen in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and a majority of them had DR-TB. Depression was the predominant psychological distress among the study subjects during the pandemic.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis and Public Health Emergencies. Accessed: 27 April 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/public-health-emergencies.htm
Chisholm RH, Trauer JM, Curnoe D, Tanaka MM. Controlled fire use in early humans might have triggered the evolutionary emergence of tuberculosis. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2016;113:9051-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603224113
Gibson SE, Harrison J, Cox JA. Modelling a silent epidemic: a review of the in vitro models of latent tuberculosis. Pathogens 2018;7:88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7040088
Ozcaglar C, Shabbeer A, Vandenberg SL, et al. Epidemiological models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections. Math Biosci 2012;236:77-96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2012.02.003
Chan JF, Kok KH, Zhu Z, et al. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:221-36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902
World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Pandemic – Emergency Use Listing Procedure (EUL) open for in-vitro diagnostics. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/vitro-diagnostics/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-pandemic-%E2%80%94-emergency-use-listing-procedure-eul-open
Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Centre for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Accessed: 23 April 23 2021. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Alfaraj SH, Al-Tawfiq JA, Altuwaijri TA, Memish ZA. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection: Implications for infection control. Intervirology 2017; 60:53-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000477908
Hoa Nt, Anh Vh, Anh Nq, Ha Nd. Optimization of the transportation problem in the covid pandemic with time-window vehicle routing problem. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Challenges: Business Transformation and Circular Economy (ICECH 2021). Atlantis Press; p. 237-245.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211119.024
Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, et al. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatry 2020;51:102083.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
Ebrahim SH, Ahmed QA, Gozzer E, et al. Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic. BMJ 2020;368:m1066.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1066
Mohammed H, Oljira L, Roba KT, et al. Containment of COVID-19 in Ethiopia and implications for tuberculosis care and research. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9:131.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00753-9
Alrubaiee GG, Al-Qalah TA, Al-Aawar MS. Knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and preventive behaviors towards COVID-19 among health care providers in Yemen: an online cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2020;20:1541.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09644-y
Shevlin M, Butter S, McBride O, et al. Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry 2022;22:154.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03787-5
Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, et al. The fear of COVID-19 scales: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. Online ahead of print.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Cassels A, Heineman E, LeClerq S. Tuberculosis case-finding in Eastern Nepal. Tubercle 1982;63:173-85.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-3879(82)80028-7
Gaur PS, Bhaskar R, Singh S, et al. Incidence and clinical profiles of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients in North Indian population: a hospital-based retrospective study. Int J Res Dev Pharmacy Life Sci 2017;6:2773-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2017.6(5).2773-2778
Mendes MA, Gaio R, Reis R, et al. Contact screening in tuberculosis: can we identify those with higher risk? Eur Respir J 2013;41:758-60.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00164612
Hamada Y, Glaziou P, Sismanidis C, Getahun H. Estimated number of child household contacts eligible for latent tuberculosis treatment. Eur Respir J 2016;48:PA2106.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA2106
Joshi A, Kant S, Kushwaha RS, Ish P. Delay in starting therapy in drug-resistant tuberculosis - An insight. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Scie 2020;25:19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jmgims.jmgims_18_19
Chang AL, Hicks R, Padayatchi N, et al. Delay to diagnosis and delay to treatment in South African children with MDR-TB and HIV. Chest 2013;144:783A.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.1704621
Tadolini M, Codecasa LR, José-María G, et al. Active tuberculosis, sequelae and COVID-19 co-infection: First cohort of 49 cases. Eur Respir J 2020;56:2001398.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02328-2020
Burry LD, Barletta JF, Williamson D, et al. It takes a village: contending with drug shortages during disasters. Chest 2020;158:2414-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.015
Iovan I, Vancea D, Fratila Z, Burlacu O. Anxiety and depression in tuberculosis hospitalized patients in comparison to healthy individuals. Eur Respir J 2012;40:P2591.
Srinivasan G, Chaturvedi D, Verma D, et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety among drug-resistant tuberculosis: A study in North India. Indian J Tuberc 2021;68:457-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.04.010
Lathabhavan R, Sudevan S. The impacts of psychological distress on life satisfaction and wellbeing of the Indian general population during the first and second waves of COVID-19: A comparative study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. Online ahead of print.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00735-4
World Health Organization. Global Health Tuberculosis Report 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240037021
Ethics Approval
The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India.How to Cite
Mandal, Ankita, Ajay Kumar Verma, Sujit Kumar Kar, Jyoti Bajpai, Surya Kant, Santosh Kumar, Ram Avadh Singh Kushwaha, et al. 2022. “A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine the Psychological Distress Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 93 (1). https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2022.2255.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Emanuele Stirpe, Floriana Bardaro, Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and asthma , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 92 No. 4 (2022)
- Davide Tarello, Francesca Giogà, Andrea Lauterio, Chiara Becchetti, Giovanni Perricone, Giorgio Santi, Monica Ragazzi, Gianpaola Monti, Marta Lazzeri, Respiratory and physical therapy in the intensive care unit after liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure: a case report , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Early Access
- Bhupen Barman, Arvind Nune, Pranav Ish, Pranjal Phukan, Donboklang Lynser, Hem Raj Sapkota, Complete persistent remission of rheumatoid arthritis after COVID-19 infection - A rare case and literature review , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 93 No. 1 (2023)
- Malay Sarkar, Irappa Madabhavi, Vocal resonance: a narrative review , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Early Access
- Mehmet Erdem Çakmak, Saltuk Buğra Kaya, Özge Can Bostan, Ebru Damadoğlu, Gül Karakaya, Ali Fuat Kalyoncu, Short- and long-term oral steroid therapy in patients with asthma exacerbation , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 93 No. 1 (2023)
- Jaikrit Bhutani, Aditya Batra, Ashu Gupta, Anshul Gupta, Kunal Mahajan, Transient left ventricular dysfunction after therapeutic pericardiocentesis - Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or pericardial decompression syndrome , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 92 No. 4 (2022)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
