https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2023.2814
Smoking cessation and its significant role in the Indian scenario
Submitted: October 11, 2023
Accepted: November 16, 2023
Published: December 4, 2023
Accepted: November 16, 2023
Abstract Views: 758
PDF_EARLY VIEW: 417
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Given the increased health dangers of tobacco use, particularly in developing countries, smoking cessation intervention is crucially important. The aim of this study is to determine and assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive smoking cessation intervention program, incorporating behavior modification, counseling, and pharmacologic treatments, in the context of the Indian scenario. The process of initiating smoking or tobacco cessation begins with the evaluation of the distinct stages that smokers undergo as part of their journey toward behavioral change. There are five different levels of preparation for quitting smoking, i.e., i) not prepared (pre-contemplation); ii) unsure (contemplation); iii) prepared (preparation); iv) action; and v) maintenance. Behavior modification and counseling are essential. The "5 A's"-based intervention uses ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange as part of its strategy. First-line treatments such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline, as well as second-line treatments such as clonidine, cytisine, and nortriptyline, are the foundation of pharmacologic care. Every healthcare professional has a duty to help smokers stop using tobacco, and the intervention should be both therapeutic and diagnostic. Combining behavioral and social support yields the best results, along with pharmacotherapy whenever needed.
Kumar R, Prasad R. Smoking cessation: an update. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2014;56:161-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-56-3-161
WHO FCTC. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; 2023.
Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department), Government of India. The cigarettes and other tobacco products (prohibition of advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution) act, 2003. Available from: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2053/3/A2003-34.pdf.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National tobacco control programme - guidelines/manuals. Available from: https://ntcp.mohfw.gov.in/guidelines_manuals. Accessed on: 5/11/2023.
Kumar R, Saroj SK, Mishra J, et al. National tabacco quit-line services. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2016;58:221-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-58-4-221
World Health Organization. Toolkit for delivering the 5A’s and 5R’s brief tobacco interventions in primary care; 2014. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/toolkit-for-delivering-5as-and-5rs-brief-tobacco-interventions-in-primary-care. Accessed on: 10/09/2023.
World Health Organization. Tobacco fact sheets; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/campaigns-and-initiatives/world-no-tobacco-day-2020/wntd-tobacco-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed on: 5/11/2023.
Making a difference. The world health report 1999. Health Millions 1999;25:3-5.
Chaly PE. Tobacco control in India. Indian J Dent Res 2007;18:2-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.30913
Gajalakshmi V, Peto R, Kanaka TS, Jha P. Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India: a retrospective study of 43000 adult male deaths and 35000 controls. Lancet 2003;362:507-15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14109-8
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Global adult tobacco survey GATS India 2009-2010. Available from: https://ntcp.mohfw.gov.in/assets/document/surveys-reports-publications/Global-Adult-Tobacco-Survey-India-2009-2010-Report.pdf.
Amit S, Bhambal A, Saxena V et al. A. Tobacco cessation and counselling: a dentists' perspective in Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:400-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.87061
National Tobacco Control Cell, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Operational guidelines: national tobacco control programme; 2015. Available from: https://ntcp.mohfw.gov.in/assets/document/Guideline-manuals/Operational-Guidelines-National-Tobacco-Control-Programme.pdf.
Kumar R, Kaur J, Murthy P, et al. Tobacco dependence treatment guidelines; 2011. Available from: https://ntcp.mohfw.gov.in/assets/document/Guideline-manuals/Tobacco-Dependence-Treatment-Guidelines.pdf.
Kumar R, Goel N, Kumar S, et al. Epidemiological profile of tobacco users at tobacco cessation centre: an Indian experience. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2016;58:93-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-58-2-93
Kumar R. Tobacco menace from conventional to e-cigarette. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2019;61:169-70.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-61-4-169
Kumar R, Khushrah AS, Prakash S, et al. A study of tobacco consumption among college students of University of Delhi, Delhi, India. Indian Prevent Social Med 2010;41:198-202.
Vijayan VK, Kumar R. Tobacco cessation in India. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2005;47:5-8.
Kumar R, Saroj SK, Kumar M, et al. Demographic profile, smoking cessation interventions and continuous abstinence of tobacco users at two years. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2019;61:31-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-61-1-31
Adeloye D, Song P, Zhu Y, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2022;10:447-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00511-7
Kumar R, Vijayan VK. Smoking cessation programs and other preventive strategies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Assoc Physicians India 2012;60:53-6.
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Evidence-based health policy--lessons from the global burden of disease study. Science 1996;274:740-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5288.740
Raw M, McNeill A, West R. Smoking cessation: evidence-based recommendations for the healthcare system. BMJ 1999;318:182-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7177.182
Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD000146.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub2
Kumar R, Saroj SK. Is tobacco quitline cost-effective in India? Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2020;90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2020.1381
Kumar R, Behera D. Smoking and tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2012;59:125-9.
Kumar R. Smoking and tuberculosis. World Clin Pulmon Crit Care Med 2014;3:97-103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12370_8
Kumar R, Nagar JK, Kumar H, et al. Indoor air pollution and respiratory function of children in Ashok Vihar, Delhi: an exposure-response study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2008;20:36-48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539507308248
Kumar R, Nagar JK, Kumar P et al. Impact of environmental tobacco smoke and indoor air pollution on respiratory allergy on children in Delhi. Respirology 2014;13:A117.
Zhou Z, Chen P, Peng H. Are healthy smokers really healthy? Tob Induc Dis 2016;14:35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12971-016-0101-z
Park JE, Jung S, Kim A, Park JE. MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2018;18:574.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5484-8
Boyce JH, Lindson N. Eight ways to quit smoking in 2021 – what the science says; 2021. Available from: https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/news/blog/eight-ways-to-quit-smoking-in-2021-what-the-science-says.
Saroj SK, Bhardwaj T. Non-pharmacological interventions for tobacco cessation: a systematic review of existing practice and their effectiveness. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2022;92. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2022.2229.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2022.2229
Prochaska JO, Di Clemente CC. Transtheoretical therapy: toward a more integrative model of change. Psychother Theory Res Pract 1982;19:276-88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088437
Papadakis S, Anastasaki M, Papadakaki M, et al. ‘Very brief advice’ (VBA) on smoking in family practice: a qualitative evaluation of the tobacco user’s perspective. BMC Fam Pract 2020;21:121.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-01195-w
Bartusik D, Aebisher D, Tutka P. A review of the organic synthesis and medicinal applications of the natural product cytisine. Mod Org Chem Res 2016;1:10-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22606/mocr.2016.11002
Medley A, Kennedy C, O'Reilly Ket, al. Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Educ Prev 2009;21:181-206.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2009.21.3.181
Mbizvo E. Theatre - a force for health promotion. Lancet 2006;368:S30-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69917-0
Lasic S, Kenny L. Theatre and peer education: an innovative approach to health promotion. Aust J Prim Health 2002;8:87-93
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PY02048
Wallack L, Dorfman L. Media advocacy: a strategy for advancing policy and promoting health. Health Educ Q 1996;23:293-317.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819602300303
Bloch P, Toft U, Reinbach HC, et al. Revitalizing the setting approach – supersettings for sustainable impact in community health promotion. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014;11:118.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0118-8
Brinn MP, Carson KV, Esterman AJ, et al. Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;11:CD001006.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001006.pub2
Hughes JR, Keely J, Naud S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction 2004;99:29-38.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x
Pezzuto A, Tonini G, Ciccozzi M, et al. Functional benefit of smoking cessation and triple inhaler in combustible cigarette smokers with severe COPD: a retrospective study. J Clin Med 2023,12:234.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010234
Ha YS, Choi YH. Effectiveness of a motivational interviewing smoking cessation program on cessation change in adolescents. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42:19-27. [Article in Korean].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.1.19
Gill VS, Chaudhary N, Randhawa A, et. al. A prospective study to assess the outcome of motivational interviewing among male students of Haryana, India: a strive towards smoking cessation in the youth. Cureus 2022;14:e22642.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22642
Benowitz NL: Nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2295-303.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0809890
Caponnetto P, Polosa R. Common predictors of smoking cessation in clinical practice. Respir Med 2008;102:1182-92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.017
How to Cite
Kumar, Raj, Manoj Kumar, Sukriti Raj, Dileep Kumar Arisham, Anil Kumar Mavi, and Kamal Singh. 2023. “Smoking Cessation and Its Significant Role in the Indian Scenario”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, December. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2023.2814.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Marinella Sommaruga, Roberto Tramarin, Gianluigi Balestroni, Ornella Bettinardi, Maria Antonella Cauteruccio, Massimo Miglioretti, Marco Monti, Ombretta Omodeo, Antonia Pierobon, Paola Vaghi, ISYDE-Ψ* First step of the implementation of guidelines for psychology activities in cardiac rehabilitation and prevention *Italian SurveY on CarDiac REhabilitation – Psychology , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 64 No. 1 (2005): Cardiac series
- T. Berghmans, A-P Meert, V. Ninane, J-P Sculier, Mitomycin, ifosfamide, cisplatin for non-small cell lung cancer: an implementation study , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 63 No. 4 (2005): Pulmonary series
- Gianluigi Balestroni, Pantaleo Giannuzzi, Giovanna Omarini, Pierangela Omarini, Analysis of the vital exhaustion construct in a female population during cardiac rehabilitation , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 76 No. 1 (2011): Cardiac series
- Antonia Pierobon, Anna Giardini, Giuseppina Majani, Simona Callegari, Francesca Lenta, Maria Teresa La Rovere, Oreste Febo, Into the cognitive constructs related to adherence to treatment in CHD outpatients: the importance of accepting the disease limitations , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 72 No. 3 (2009): Cardiac series
- I. Chkhaidze, T. Maglakelidze, N. Khaltaev, Chronic respiratory diseases at primary health care level in Georgia: the results of the pilot study , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 71 No. 4 (2009): Pulmonary series
- G. Riccioni, M. De Benedictis, R. Della Vecchia, C. Di Ilio, M.T. Guagnano, N. D’Orazio, Prevalence and severity of airway obstruction in an Italian adult population , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 63 No. 2 (2005): Pulmonary series
- M. Lusuardi, F. Blasi, C. Terzano, C. Cricelli, N. Crispino, L. Comarella, F. De Benedetto, C.M. Sanguinetti, L. Allegra, C.F. Donner, Standards of care and clinical predictors in patients hospitalised for a COPD exacerbation - The Italian SOS (Stratification Observational Study) , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 71 No. 4 (2009): Pulmonary series
- R.G. Pinckney, R. O’Brien, J.F. Piccirillo, B. Littenberg, Evaluation of co-morbidity indices in patients admitted for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 61 No. 4 (2004): Pulmonary series
- Bruno Balbi, Antonio Spanevello, The fight against tobacco , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 79 No. 1 (2013): Pulmonary series
- Gregoriana Zanini, Benedetta Fontanella, Marco Racheli, Monica Bortolotti, Gianfranco Pasini, Tamoxifen treatment and pulmunary embolism: a case report and literature review , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 80 No. 1 (2013): Cardiac series
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
