https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2024.2978
Serum vitamin D levels and the severity and clinical course of COVID-19
Submitted: March 7, 2024
Accepted: August 26, 2024
Published: September 26, 2024
Accepted: August 26, 2024
Abstract Views: 138
PDF_EARLY VIEW: 76
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Low vitamin D levels are associated with different pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, and obstructive sleep apnea. In this study, we aimed to assess the relation between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity. Positive COVID-19 patients were subjected to clinical examination, computed tomography of the chest, and laboratory investigations. Serum vitamin D level was measured and correlated with the severity and the clinical course of the disease. The study included 72 patients, classified into four groups according to the severity of the disease. There was a statistically significant difference between the four groups regarding age, lymphocyte count, serum vitamin D, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Serum vitamin D levels can be correlated with COVID-19 severity and clinical course.
Weir E, Thenappan T, Bhargava M, Chen Y. Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? Clin Med 2020;20:e107-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0301
Fisher SA, Rahimzadeh M, Brierley C, et al. The role of vitamin D in increasing circulating T regulatory cell numbers and modulating T regulatory cell phenotypes in patients with inflammatory disease or in healthy volunteers: a systematic review. PloS One 2019;14:e0222313.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222313
Kaya M, Pamukçu E, Yakar B. The role of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Epidemiol Health 2021;43:e2021074.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021074
White JH. Vitamin D metabolism and signaling in the immune system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2012;13:21-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-011-9195-z
World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/357004/WHO-2019-nCoV-Clinical-2022.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1.
Bui L, Zhu Z, Hawkins S, et al. Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: a mini review. SAGE Open Med 2021;9:20503121211014073.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211014073
Wang Z, Joshi A, Leopold K, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID‐19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Endocrinol 2022;96:281-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14540
Jain A, Chaurasia R, Sengar N, et al. Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically-ill COVID‑19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers. Sci Rep 2020;10:20191.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77093-z
Vasheghani M, Jannati N, Baghaei P, et al. The relationship between serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D levels and the severity of COVID‑19 disease and its mortality. Scie Rep 2021;11:17594.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97017-9
Kalichuran S, van Blydenstein S, Venter M, Omar S. Vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity. S Afr J Infect Dis 2022;37:359.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.359
Yosef T, Saleh S, Ali S, Elmetwally A. Vitamin D assessment in patients with COVID‑19 virus and correlation with severity. Egypt J Intern Med 2022;34:52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-022-00142-8
Campi I, Gennari L, Merlotti D, et al. Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective study in Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases 2021;21:566.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7
Lord J, Veenith T, Sullivan J, et al. Accelerated immune ageing is associated with COVID‑19 disease severity. Immun Ageing 2024;21:6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139798/v1
Kang SJ, Jung SI. Age-related morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19. Infect Chemother 2020;52:154-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.154
Starke K, Reissig D, Petereit-Haack G, et al. The isolated effect of age on the risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes: a systematic review with metaanalysis. BMJ Glob Health 2021;6:e006434.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006434
Demir M, Demir F, Aygun H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID‐19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol 2021;93:2992-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26832
Davoudi A, Najafi N, Aarabi M, et al. Lack of association between vitamin D insufficiency and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021;21:450.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06168-7
Nielsen N, Junker T, Boelt S, et al. Vitamin D status and severity of COVID‑19. Sci Rep 2022;12:19823.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21513-9
Qiu Y, Bao W, Tian X, et al. Vitamin D status in hospitalized COVID 19 patients is associated with disease severity and IL-5 production. Virol J 2023;20:212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02165-1
Renieris G, Foutadakis S, Andriopoulou T, et al. Association of vitamin D with severity and outcome of COVID-19: clinical and experimental evidence. J Innate Immun 2024;16:1-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000535302
Abdel Ati M, Shahin M. Assessment of serum Vitamin D level in patients with COVID-19 infection. Med J Cairo Univ 2021;89:2247-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjcu.2021.216047
AlKhafaji D, Al Argan R, Albaker W, et al. The impact of vitamin D level on the severity and outcome of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease. Int J Gen Med 2022;15:343-52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S346169
Kazemi A, Mohammadi V, Aghababaee S, et al. Association of vitamin D status with SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2021;12:1636-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab012
Cantorna MT, Snyder L, Lin Y-D, et al. Vitamin D and 1,25 (OH) 2D regulation of T cells. Nutrients 2015;7:3011-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043011
Barlow PG, Svoboda P, Mackellar A, et al. Antiviral activity and increased host defense against influenza infection elicited by the human cathelicidin LL-37. PLoS One 2011;6:e25333.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025333
Ruth Wu-Wong J. Are vitamin D receptor activators useful for the treatment of thrombosis? Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009;10:919-27.
Wang C, Deng R, Gou L, et al. Preliminary study to identify severe from moderate cases of COVID-19 using combined hematology parameters. Ann Transl Med 2020;8:593.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-3391
Bergamaschi G, de Andreis F, Aronico N, et al. Anemia in patients with covid‑19: pathogenesis and clinical significance. Clin Exp Med 2021;21:239-46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-021-00699-8
Chen R, Sang L, Jiang M, et al. Longitudinal hematologic and immunologic variations associated with the progression of COVID-19 patients in China. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:89-100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.003
Yamadaa T, Wakabayashib M, Yamajic T, et al. Value of leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein in predicting severe coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2020;509:235-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.008
Sharma Y, Gawalkar A, Batta A, et al. Novel markers of COVID 19 mortality - a comparative study with patients of acute coronary syndrome. J Family Med Prim Care 2023;12:962-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1629_22
Huang G, Kovalic A, Graber C. Prognostic value of leukocytosis and lymphopenia for coronavirus disease severity. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:1839-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201160
Ethics Approval
The study was approved by research ethics committee of faculty of medicine, Cairo university (No: MD-236-2022).How to Cite
Elnady, Mohamed, Ahmed Abdel Hafeez, Hebatallah Assal, Eman Zaid, and Gihan Abo Elwafa. 2024. “Serum Vitamin D Levels and the Severity and Clinical Course of COVID-19”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, September. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2024.2978.
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Manas Pratim Roy, Risk factors for Covid-19 in India , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 92 No. 2 (2022)
- Francesco Giallauria, Antonio Cittadini, Neil Andrew Smart, Carlo Vigorito, Resistance training and sarcopenia , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 84 No. 1-2 (2015): Cardiac series
- Yaser Jenab, Marzieh Pourjafari, Maryam Sotoudeh, Masoumeh Lotfi-tokaldany, Nasrin Etesamifard, Shapour Shirani, Arash Jalali, Younes Nozari, Hamid-reza Poorhosseini, Comparing the effect of cardiac biomarkers on the outcome of normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 87 No. 1 (2017)
- Ali Asghar Hemmati, Soheila Alboghobeish, Akram Ahangarpour, Chronic exposure to high fat diet exacerbates arsenic-induced lung damages in male mice: Possible role for oxidative stress , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 88 No. 1 (2018)
- Michele Vitacca, Piero Ceriana, Bruno Balbi , Claudio Bruschi, Maria Aliani, Mauro Maniscalco, Francesco Fanfulla, Aldo Diasparra, Luigino Rizzello, Daniela Sereni, Antonio Spanevello, The respiratory rehabilitation Maugeri network service reconfiguration after 1 year of COVID-19 , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 91 No. 4 (2021)
- Ravi Manglani, Moshe Fenster, Theresa Henson, Ananth Jain, Neil Schluger, Clinical characteristics, imaging, and lung function among patients with persistent dyspnea of COVID-19: a retrospective observational cohort study , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Early Access
- Nikhil Rajvanshi, Prawin Kumar, Jagdish Prasad Goyal, Utility of systemic immune-inflammation index as a serum biomarker to differentiate between complicated and simple para-pneumonic effusion , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 94 No. 3 (2024)
- Mariarosaria De Luca, Giulia Crisci, Federica Giardino, Valeria Valente, Ilaria Amaranto, Olimpia Iacono, Roberta D'Assante, Francesco Giallauria, Alberto M. Marra, Anabolic hormones and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: looking for Ariadne’s thread , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 92 No. 1 (2022)
- Filippo M. Sarullo, Luigi Americo, Salvatore Accardo, Sergio Cicero, Rossella Schicchi, Maria Schirò, Antonio Castello, Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy observed in a patient with sepsis and transient hyperthyroidism , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 72 No. 1 (2009): Cardiac series
- C. Gramiccioni, G.E. Carpagnano, A. Spanevello, V. Turchiarelli, M.G. Cagnazzo, M.P. Foschino Barbaro, Airways oxidative stress, lung function and cognitive impairment in aging , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 73 No. 1 (2010): Pulmonary series
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
