https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2024.2988
Infective pulmonary diseases and the eye: a narrative review
Submitted: March 12, 2024
Accepted: July 17, 2024
Published: September 10, 2024
Accepted: July 17, 2024
Abstract Views: 363
PDF_EARLY VIEW: 156
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Several infectious pulmonary diseases affect the eye. An understanding of the association between infectious pulmonary and ocular diseases is pivotal to their successful management. We aimed to review the infections affecting both the lungs and the eye. The electronic database PubMed and the search engine Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. Ocular tuberculosis (TB), usually not associated with clinical evidence of pulmonary TB, can affect almost all the ocular structures. Confirmation of the diagnosis of ocular TB requires demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ocular fluids/tissues. Among the drugs used to treat TB, ethambutol, isoniazid, and linezolid may cause toxic optic neuropathy. Elderly, those with renal disease, diabetes mellitus, malnourished, alcoholics, and those who will receive ethambutol at doses greater than 15 mg/kg/day and for prolonged periods are at high risk of developing toxic optic neuropathy. These individuals should be referred to an ophthalmologist before initiating ATT for a baseline ophthalmic evaluation. Linezolid may also cause toxic retinal neuropathy. Rifampicin may cause yellowish-orange discoloration of tears and contact lenses. Adenovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus exhibit both pulmonary and ocular tropism. Pneumocystis jirovecii choroiditis is rare and mainly seen when aerosolized pentamidine is used for pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis. Further research is needed to develop non-interventional strategies to diagnose ocular TB. Biomarkers for early detection of toxic optic neuropathy are a need of the hour. Genetic factors and mechanisms behind the development of ethambutol, isoniazid, and linezolid-induced toxic optic neuropathy need further study.
Wisnivesky J, de-Torres JP. The global burden of pulmonary diseases: most prevalent problems and opportunities for improvement. Ann Glob Health 2019;85:1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2411
Troeger C, Blacker B, Khalil IA, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:1191-210.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30310-4
Donahue HC. Ophthalmologic experience in a tuberculosis sanatorium. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;64:742-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(67)92860-7
Bouza E, Merino P, Muñoz P, et al. Ocular tuberculosis. A prospective study in a general hospital. Medicine 1997;76:53-61.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199701000-00005
Biswas J, Narain S, Das D, Ganesh SK. Pattern of uveitis in a referral uveitis clinic in India. Int Ophthalmol 1997;20:223-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175264
Singh R, Gupta V, Gupta A. Pattern of uveitis in a referral eye clinic in north India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2004;52:121-5.
Abu El-Asrar AM, Abouammoh M. Tubercular vasculitis. In: Gupta V, Nguyen QD, LeHoang P, Agarwal A, ed. The Uveitis Atlas. New Delhi: Springer India; 2020. pp 293-300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2410-5_84
Madge SN, Prabhakaran VC, Shome D, et al. Orbital tuberculosis: a review of the literature. Orbit 2008;27:267-77.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830802225152
Albert DM, Raven ML. Ocular tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2016;4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0001-2016.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0001-2016
Goyal JL, Jain P, Arora R, Dokania P. Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2015;62:66-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.04.004
Neuhouser AJ, Sallam A. Ocular tuberculosis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Parchand SM, Kumar AS, Kaliaperumal S, Srinivasan R. Tuberculous scleral abscess with choroidal detachment. BMJ Case Rep 2017;2017:bcr2016217544.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-217544
Sharma A, Thapa B, Lavaju P. Ocular tuberculosis: an update. Nepal J Ophthalmol 1970;3:52-67.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4280
Gupta V, Gupta A, Rao NA. Intraocular tuberculosis - an update. Surv Ophthalmol 2007;52:561-87.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.015
Berinstein DM. Primary choroidal tuberculoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:430-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150432025
Ajay K, Saranya S, Sundaresh DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of intraoperative intracameral mydriasis in manual small incision cataract surgery - a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:584-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_262_17
Biswas J, Ravi RK, Naryanasamy A, et al. Eales’ disease - current concepts in diagnosis and management. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013;3:11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1869-5760-3-11
Biswas J, Sharma T, Gopal L, et al. Eales disease—an update. Surv Ophthalmol 2002;47:197-214.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00288-6
Davis EJ, Rathinam SR, Okada AA, et al. Clinical spectrum of tuberculous optic neuropathy. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2012;2:183-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12348-012-0079-5
World Health Oganization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1rQXDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=l954Utat3V&lr&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Mehta S, Peters RP, Smit DP, Gupta V. Ocular tuberculosis in HIV-infected Individuals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:1251-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1776882
Abubakar I, Stagg HR, Whitworth H, Lalvani A. How should I interpret an interferon gamma release assay result for tuberculosis infection?. Thorax 2013;68:298-301.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203247
Blumberg HM, Burman WJ, Chaisson RE, et al. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:603-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.167.4.603
Agrawal R, Gunasekeran DV, Grant R, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of patients with tubercular uveitis treated with antitubercular therapy in the collaborative ocular tuberculosis study (COTS)-1. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017;135:1318-27.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4485
Griffith DE, Brown-Elliott BA, Shepherd S, et al. Ethambutol ocular toxicity in treatment regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:250-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200407-863OC
Saxena R, Singh D, Phuljhele S, et al. Ethambutol toxicity: expert panel consensus for the primary prevention, diagnosis and management of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69:3734-9.
Saxena R, Phuljhele S, Prakash A, et al. Ethambutol optic neuropathy: vigilance and screening, the keys to prevent blindness with the revised anti-tuberculous therapy regimen. J Assoc Physicians India 2021;69:54-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_3746_20
Kulkarni HS, Keskar VS, Bavdekar SB, Gabhale Y. Bilateral optic neuritis due to isoniazid (INH). Indian Pediatr 2010;47:533-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-010-0083-5
Kass I, Mandel W, Cohen H, Dressler SH. Isoniazid as a cause of optic neuritis and atrophy. JAMA 1957;164:1740-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1957.02980160012003
Mehta S, Das M, Laxmeshwar C, et al. Linezolid-associated optic neuropathy in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Mumbai, India. PLoS One 2016;11:e0162138.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162138
Aljebreen MA, Alotaibi AK, Alrobaian M. Linezolid-induced toxic optic neuropathy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2021;27:235-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_73_20
Agrawal R, Addison P, Saihan Z, et al. Optic neuropathy secondary to Linezolid for multidrug-resistant mycobacterial spinal tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015;23:90-2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2013.874447
Xerri O, Lemaire B, Nasser G, et al. Severe linezolid-induced toxic optic neuropathy. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015;38:e55-8. [Article in French].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2014.05.020
Grohmann SM, Berman A, Grassi MA. Linezolid-induced photoreceptor dysfunction masquerading as autoimmune retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 2020;140:77-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-019-09725-3
Park DH, Park TK, Ohn YH, et al. Linezolid induced retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 2015;131:237-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-015-9518-6
Udwadia ZF, Sen T, Moharil G. Assessment of linezolid efficacy and safety in MDR - and XDR-TB: an Indian perspective. Eur Respir J 2010;35:936-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00132009
Sotgiu G, Centis R, D'Ambrosio L, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2012;40:1430-42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00022912
De Vriese AS, Coster RV, Smet J, et al. Linezolid-induced inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1111-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/501356
Robert W. Tofte. Rifampin. Postgraduate Med 1985;77:228-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1985.11698907
Girling DJ. Ocular toxicity due to rifampicin. BMJ 1976;1:585.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6009.585-c
Kokkada SB, Barthakur R, Natarajan M, et al. Ocular side effects of antitubercular drugs - a focus on prevention, early detection and management. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2005;3:438-41.
Rifai A, Peyman GA, Daun M, Wafapoor H. Rifabutin-associated uveitis during prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex infection. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:707.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1995.01100060031019
Nair N, Sudharshan S, Koladiya NA, Biswas J. Rifabutin induced hypopyon uveitis mimicking endophthalmitis as a manifestation of IRU in patients with HIV. Indian J Pharmacol 2022;54:67-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_62_22
Shafran SD, Singer J, Zarowny DP, et al. Determinants of rifabutin-associated uveitis in patients treated with rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a multivariate analysis. Canadian HIV trials network protocol 010 study group. J Infect Dis 1998;177:252-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/517366
Harada K, Uematsu M, Ueki R, et al. Intraocular deposits and cataracts after long-term rifabutin intake: A case report. Medicine 2020;99:e20049.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020049
Ponjavic V, Granse L, Bengtsson Stigmar E, et al. Retinal dysfunction and anterior segment deposits in a patient treated with rifabutin. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2002;80:553-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0420.2002.800519.x
Lin HC, Lu PL, Chang CH. Uveitis associated with concurrent administration of rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra). Eye 2007;21:1540-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6703016
Barot RK, Viswanath V, Pattiwar MS, et al. Crystalline deposition in the cornea and conjunctiva secondary to long-term clofazimine therapy in a leprosy patient. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59:328-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.82012
Kaur I, Ram J, Kumar B, et al. Effect of clofazimine on eye in multibacillary leprosy. Indian J Lepr 1990;62:87-90.
Font RL, Sobol W, Matoba A. Polychromatic corneal and conjunctival crystals secondary to clofazimine therapy in leper. Ophthalmology 1989;96:311-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(89)33071-5
Craythorn JM, Swartz M, Creel DJ. Clofazimine-induced bull's-eye retinopathy. Retina 1986;6:50-2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-198600610-00003
Cunningham CA, Friedberg DN, Carr RE. Clofazimine-induced generalized retinal degeneration. Retina 1990;10:131-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199004000-00008
Kasturi N, Srinivasan R. Clofazimine-induced premaculopathy in a vitiliginous patient. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2016;7:149-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.189685
Hayashi S, Hogg J. Adenovirus infections and lung disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007;7:237-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.014
Garcia-Zalisnak D, Rapuano C, Sheppard JD, Davis AR. Adenovirus ocular infections: prevalence, pathology, pitfalls, and practical pointers. Eye Contact Lens 2018;44:S1-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000226
Pinto RDP, Lira RPC, Arieta CEL, et al. The prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis at the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas, Brazil. Clinics 2015;70:748-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(11)06
Jhanji V, Chan TCY, Li EYM, et al. Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2015;60:435-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001
Hoffman J. Adenovirus: ocular manifestations. Community Eye Health 2020;33:73-5.
Levinger E, Slomovic A, Sansanayudh W, et al. Topical treatment with 1% cyclosporine for subepithelial infiltrates secondary to adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea 2010;29:638-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181c33034
Vermeulen H, Westerbos SJ, Ubbink DT. Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2010;76:191-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.026
Zhong Y, Wang K, Zhu Y, et al. Ocular manifestations in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021;44:102191.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102191
Azzolini C, Donati S, Premi E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 on ocular surfaces in a cohort of patients with covid-19 from the Lombardy region, Italy. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021;139:956-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5464
Azzolini C, Donati S, Premi E. Live and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in ocular fluids-reply. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021;139:1041-2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2751
Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, et al. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021;16:103-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8256
Bostanci Ceran B, Ozates S. Ocular manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020;258:1959-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04777-7
Mehta S, Pandey A. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis associated with COVID-19. Cureus 2020;12:e10726.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10726
Sen M, Honavar S, Sharma N, Sachdev M. COVID-19 and eye: a review of ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69:488-509.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_297_21
Premi E, Acampora R, Salmi D, et al. Clinical and diagnostic findings of acute macular neuroretinopathy and paracentral acute middle maculopathy in the COVID-19 era. Ophthalmologica 2023;246:181-91.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000533530
Yahalomi T, Pikkel J, Arnon R, Pessach Y. Central retinal vein occlusion in a young healthy COVID-19 patient: a case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020;20:100992.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100992
Montesel A, Bucolo C, Mouvet V, et al. Case report: central retinal artery occlusion in a COVID-19 patient. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:588384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.588384
Gascon P, Briantais A, Bertrand E, al. Covid-19-associated retinopathy: a case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:1293-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1825751
Bertoli F, Veritti D, Danese C, et al. Ocular findings in COVID-19 patients: a review of direct manifestations and indirect effects on the eye. J Ophthalmol 2020;2020:4827304.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4827304
Mahendradas P, Mishra SB, Sangoram R, et al. Ocular manifestations following COVID-19 vaccination. J Ophthal Inflamm Infect 2023;13:44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-023-00358-x
Pawar N, Maheshwari D, Ravindran M, Padmavathy S. Ophthalmic complications of COVID-19 vaccination. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69:2900-2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_2122_21
Kong W. Influenza virus associated with ocular complications. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:602-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30280-9
Creager HM, Kumar A, Zeng H, et al. Infection and replication of influenza virus at the ocular surface. J Virol 2018;92:e02192-17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02192-17
Belser JA, Lash RR, Garg S, et al. The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:e220-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30102-6
Brydak-Godowska J, Turczyńska M, Przybyś M, et al. Ocular complications in influenza virus infection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019;27:545-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2017.1423335
Mansour DEAA, El-Shazly AAF, Elawamry AI, Ismail AT. Comparison of ocular findings in patients with H1N1 influenza infection versus patients receiving influenza vaccine during a pandemic. Ophthalmic Res 2012;48:134-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000337138
Bitko V, Musiyenko A, Barik S. Viral infection of the lungs through the eye. J Virol 2007;81:783-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01437-06
Fujishima H. Respiratory syncytial virus may be a pathogen in allergic conjunctivitis. Cornea 2002;21:S39-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200203001-00009
Wrotek A, Kobiałka M, Grochowski B, et al. Respiratory complications in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1279:113-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_530
Dreizin RS, Vikhnovich EM, Borovkova NM, Ponomareva TI. The use of indirect fluorescent antibody technique in studies on the reproduction of rhinoviruses and for the detection of rhinoviral antigen in materials from patients with acute respiratory diseases and conjunctivitides. Acta Virol 1971;15:520.
Shantha JG, Crozier I, Yeh S. An update on ocular complications of Ebola virus disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017;28:600-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000426
Venkatesh A, Patel R, Goyal S, et al. Ocular manifestations of emerging viral diseases. Eye 2021;35:1117-39.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01376-y
Al-Muala HD, Sami SM, Shukri MAR, et al. Orbital hydatid cyst. Ann Maxillofac Surg 2012;2:197-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0746.101365
Lentzsch AM, Göbel H, Heindl LM. Primary orbital hydatid cyst. Ophthalmology 2016;123:1410.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.042
Guo C, Zhu R, Qiu J, et al. Subretinal echinococcosis: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2017;17:185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-017-0581-5
Narang S, Kochhar S, Punia RS, et al. Submacular hydatid cyst: a case report. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2010;4:251-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0b013e3181ae7168
Muftuoglu G, Cicik E, Ozdamar A, et al. Vitreoretinal surgery for a subretinal hydatid cyst. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:435-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(01)00960-6
Sen S, Venkatesh P, Chand M. Primary intraocular hydatid cyst with glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003;40:312-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20030901-17
Konar KD, Pillay S. A case and literature review of intraocular echinococcus causing bilateral visual loss in a HIV-infected patient. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022;10:2050313X221113699.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X221113699
Sinav S, Demirci A, Sinav B, et al. A primary intraocular hydatid cyst. Acta Ophthalmol 2009;69:802-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1991.tb02065.x
Betharia SM, Pushker N, Sharma V, et al. Disseminated hydatid disease involving orbit, spleen, lung and liver. Ophthalmologica 2002;216:300-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000063839
Taghipour M, Derakhshan N, Saffarian A, Dehghanian A. Orbital hydatid cyst causing papilledema and proptosis in an adult. World Neurosurg 2017;101:811.e1-811.e4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.030
Rao NA, Zimmerman PL, Boyer D, et al. A Clinical, Histopathologic, and electron microscopic study of pneumocystis carinii choroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107:218-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(89)90303-6
Freeman WR. Pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy: a new clinical entity. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:863-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010885036
Wasserman L, Haghighi P. Otic and ophthalmic pneumocystosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992;116:500-3.
Gupta A, Hustler A, Herieka E, Matthews BN. Pneumocystis choroiditis. Eye 2010;24:178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.52
Shami MJ, Freeman W, Friedberg D, et al. A multicenter study of pneumocystis choroidopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;112:15-22.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(14)76206-3
Sha BE, Benson CA, Deutsch T, et al. Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis in patients with AIDS: clinical features, response to therapy, and outcome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:1051-8.
Ruggli GM, Weber R, Messmer EP, et al Pneumocystis carinii Infection of the conjunctiva in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1853-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30017-7
How to Cite
Singh, Mamta, Kunal Deokar, Bibhuti Prassan Sinha, Jinish Doshi, and CDS Katoch. 2024. “Infective Pulmonary Diseases and the Eye: A Narrative Review”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, September. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2024.2988.
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Amit Sharma, Deepak Rathi, Prerna Jain, Devika Tayal, Hematological and clinical profiling of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comprehensive study , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Early Access
- Vasileios Gkogkos, Georgia-Emmanouela Dendrinou, Ioanna Papadaki, Maria Christodoulou, Charalampos Stoumpos, Timothy Sakellaridis, Kyriaki Zeibecoglou, Dimitrios Papadopoulos, Musculoskeletal tuberculosis with multifocal muscle abscesses in a healthy young adult , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 93 No. 3 (2023)
- R. Agarwal, V. Kumar, S.K. Jindal, Obstructive Granulomatous Bronchiolitis Obliterans due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 63 No. 2 (2005): Pulmonary series
- Deepak Sharma, Vinay V, Jitendra Kumar Saini, Prabhpreet Sethi, Sandeep Jain, Kumar Puskar, Elucidating diagnostic efficacy and safety of the procedure: cryobiopsy of endobronchial lesions with a flexible bronchoscope , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Early Access
- S.W. Yan, C.F. Wong, P.C. Wong, C.F. Cheung, Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organising Pneumonia (BOOP) in a lung cancer patient after lobectomy , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 63 No. 1 (2005): Pulmonary series
- B. Chakrabarti, P.D.O. Davies, Pleural tuberculosis , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 65 No. 1 (2006): Pulmonary series
- M.J. Newport, S. Nejentsev, Genetics of susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 61 No. 2 (2004): Pulmonary series
- Nikhilesh Ladha, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nishant Kumar Chauhan, Kikkeri Hanumantha Setty Naveen, Vijaya Lakshmi Nag, Dandabathula Giribabu, Determinants, risk factors and spatial analysis of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Jodhpur, India , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 92 No. 4 (2022)
- Roberto Porta, Laura Comini, Luca Barbano, Luca Bianchi, Michele Vitacca, A case of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome associated with floppy eyelid syndrome: positive effect of CPAP therapy , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 87 No. 1 (2017)
- R. Agarwal, N. Singh, A.N. Aggarwal, An unusual association between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Aspergillus fumigatus , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 69 No. 1 (2008): Pulmonary series
<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
