https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2025.3205
Waist circumference and altered metabolic indices are associated with increased resting pulse rate in middle-aged adults
Submitted: September 16, 2024
Accepted: December 5, 2024
Published: January 10, 2025
Accepted: December 5, 2024
Abstract Views: 0
PDF_EARLY VIEW: 0
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Metabolic indices significantly impact cardiovascular health. Research on the influence of metabolic indices on resting pulse rate in younger adults is needed. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) Wave 5 Public-use biological data, we performed a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the predictive factors of resting pulse rate in adults aged 32-42 years. We controlled for sex, anthropometrics, lipid indices, diabetic status, blood pressure, and antihypertensive use. The total number of participants was 1839 (weighted n=1,390,763), the mean age was 38.1 [standard deviation (SD)=2.0] and the mean pulse rate was 75.2 (SD=11.6). Notably, body mass index did not exhibit a statistically significant relationship with resting pulse rate. Conversely, females presented a statistically significant higher pulse rate than males when adjusted for other variables [p<0.001; coefficient = 4.83; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.54-6.13], as did individuals with increased waist circumference (p=0.023; coefficient = 2.62; 95% CI: 0.39- 4.85). The data indicated a progressive rise in pulse rate correlating with elevated low-density lipoprotein and hemoglobin A1C levels, particularly among those with severe hypercholesterolemia (p=0.048, coefficient = 6.42; 95% CI: 0.12-12.71) and diabetes (p<0.001, coefficient = 7.11; 95% CI: 3.3-10.92). A significant increase was also observed in individuals with hypertension stage 1 and 2 [p<0.001 for both; coefficients = 2.98 (95% CI: 1.45-4.52) and 7.2 (95% CI: 5.28-9.12), respectively]. These findings underscore the necessity of considering metabolic indices in understanding the pathophysiology of elevated pulse rates in adults, thereby enhancing comprehension of cardiovascular tachyarrhythmias in younger adults.
Goorakani Y, Sedigh Rahimabadi M, Dehghan A, et al. Correlation of resting heart rate with anthropometric factors and serum biomarkers in a population-based study: fasa PERSIAN cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020;20:319.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01594-y
Ogliari G, Mahinrad S, Stott DJ, et al. Resting heart rate, heart rate variability and functional decline in old age. CMAJ 2015;187:E442-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150462
Broman ME, Vincent JL, Ronco C, et al. The relationship between heart rate and body temperature in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2021;49:e327-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004807
Reimers AK, Knapp G, Reimers CD. Effects of exercise on the resting heart rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. J Clin Med 2018;7:503.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120503
Costin A, Costin N, Cohen P, et al. Effect of exercise on heart-rate response to mental stress in teenagers. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20:593-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312444369
Schneider M, Kraemmer MM, Weber B, Schwerdtfeger AR. Life events are associated with elevated heart rate and reduced heart complexity to acute psychological stress. Biol Psychol 2021;163:108116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108116
Wang S, Fashanu OE, Zhao D, et al. Relation of elevated resting heart rate in mid-life to cognitive decline over 20 years (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities [ARIC] study). Am J Cardiol 2019;123:334-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.013
Nanchen D, Stott DJ, Gussekloo J, et al. Resting heart rate and incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction: the PROSPER study. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:581-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfs195
Ashour L, Ayesh L, Jarrar Z, et al. Altered anthropometrics and HA1c levels, but not dyslipidemia, are associated with elevated hs-CRP levels in middle-aged adults: a population-based analysis. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2024. doi:10.1097/HPC.0000000000000378
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HPC.0000000000000378
Whitsel, EA, Angel R, O’Hara R, et al. Add health wave v documentation: cardiovascular measures. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17615/gtme-ag52.
Harris KM, Udry JR. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), 1994-2018 [Public Use]. Available from. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21600.v25.
Jing FY, Wang XL, Song JL, et al. Association between clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and resting heart rate in Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Cardiol 2022;19:418-27.
Freitas Júnior IF, Monteiro PA, Silveira LS, et al. Resting heart rate as a predictor of metabolic dysfunctions in obese children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2012;12:5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-5
Pal GK, Adithan C, Ananthanarayanan PH, et al. Sympathovagal imbalance contributes to prehypertension status and cardiovascular risks attributed by insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetics. PLoS One 2013;8:e78072.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078072
Lambert E, Straznicky N, Sari CI, et al. Dyslipidemia is associated with sympathetic nervous activation and impaired endothelial function in young females. Am J Hypertens 2013;26:250-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hps016
Ikeda S, Shinohara K, Enzan N, et al. A higher resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular event risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res 2023;46:1090-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-023-01178-1
Hadad R, Larsen BS, Weber P, et al. Night-time heart rate variability identifies high-risk people among people with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2021;38:e14559.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14559
Li Y, Deng B, Guo Y, et al. Correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin, ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in patients with hypertension. Zhong Nan Da Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021;46:488-96.
Keshavarzi S, Braffett BH, Pop-Busui R, et al. Risk Factors for Longitudinal Resting Heart Rate and Its Associations With Cardiovascular Outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care 2021;44:1125-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-2387
Hadad R, Akobe SF, Weber P, et al. Parasympathetic tonus in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes and its clinical implications. Sci Rep 2022;12:18020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22675-2
Kamakura M, Maruyama R. Elevated HbA1c levels are associated with the blunted autonomic response assessed by heart rate variability during blood volume reduction. Tohoku J Exp Med 2016;240:91-100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.240.91
Kanagala A, M HJ. Metabolic dysregulation and its multifaceted impact on cardiovascular autonomic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from comprehensive assessment. Cureus 2024;16:e59776.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59776
Akasha R, Ahmad S, Abdeen R, et al. Linking elevated HbA1c with atherogenic lipid profile among high risk cardiovascular patients at Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Bioinformation 2024;20:212-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6026/973206300200212
Kang P, Kim KY, Shin HY. Association between dyslipidemia and glycated hemoglobin in a population-based study. Metabolited 2024;14:92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14020092
Jalal DA, Vásárhelyi B, Blaha B, et al. Interrelationship of hemoglobin A1c level lipid profile, uric acid, C-reactive protein levels and age in a large hospital database. Mol Cell Probes 2023;72:101933.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2023.101933
Yadav RL, Yadav PK, Yadav LK, et al. Association between obesity and heart rate variability indices: an intuition toward cardiac autonomic alteration - a risk of CVD. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017;10:57-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S123935
Ross R, Neeland IJ, Yamashita S, et al. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020;16:177-89.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
Wenting W, Yeran J, Wenfeng Z, et al. Increased resting heart rate and glucose metabolism in a community population. J Int Med Res 2021;49:3000605211053754.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211053754
Quer G, Gouda P, Galarnyk M, et al. Inter- and intraindividual variability in daily resting heart rate and its associations with age, sex, sleep, BMI, and time of year: retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of 92,457 adults. PLoS One 2020;15:e0227709.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227709
Christofaro DGD, Casonatto J, Vanderlei LCM, et al. Relationship between resting heart rate, blood pressure and pulse pressure in adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017;108:405-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170050
Shen L, Wang Y, Jiang X, et al. Dose-response association of resting heart rate and hypertension in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine 2020;99:e19401.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019401
Goonasekara CL, Balse E, Hatem S, et al. Cholesterol and cardiac arrhythmias. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010;8:965-79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1586/erc.10.79
Grisanti LA. Diabetes and arrhythmias: pathophysiology, mechanisms and therapeutic outcomes. Front Physiol 2018;9:1669.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01669
Lip GYH, Coca A, Kahan T, et al. Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología (SOLEACE). Europace 2017;19:891-911.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux091
Zeitler EP, Poole JE, Albert CM, et al. Arrhythmias in female patients: incidence, presentation and management. Circ Res 2022;130:474-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319893
Ethics Approval
This research conducted a secondary analysis for publicly available, de-identified data, produced in compliance with the North Carolina Public Health Institutional Review Board (Chapel Hill, NC).How to Cite
Ashour, Laith, Zaid Taimeh, Moaiad Hussein, Zeid Jarrar, Nicola Hanna Madani, Noor Mnaa, Layan Ayesh, et al. 2025. “Waist Circumference and Altered Metabolic Indices Are Associated With Increased Resting Pulse Rate in Middle-Aged Adults”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, January. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2025.3205.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Marina Pianese, Vittoria De Astis, Raffaele Griffo, Assessing patients needs in outpatients with advanced heart failure , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 76 No. 2 (2011): Cardiac series
- Sabino Scardi, Pierpaolo Gori, Paolo Umari, Nurse involment in primary care: it is the key to improve the outcomes in primary and secondary prevention? , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 74 No. 2 (2010): Cardiac series
- Eduardo Bossone, Giuseppe Limongelli, Graziella Malizia, Francesco Ferrara, Olga Vriz, Rodolfo Citro, Alberto Maria Marra, Michele Arcopinto, Emanuele Bobbio, Domenico Sirico, Luigi Caliendo, Andrea Ballotta, Antonello D’Andrea, Alessandro Frigiola, Jorgen Isgaard, Luigi Saccà , Antonio Cittadini, The T.O.S.CA. Project: Research, Education and Care , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 76 No. 4 (2011): Cardiac series
- G. Caramori, M. Fabbri, D. Paioli, F. Falcone, C. Severino, G. Felisatti, O. Arar, I.M. Adcock, K. Fan Chung, P.J. Barnes, A. Ciaccia, A. Papi, Asthma is not a common cause of severe chronic respiratory failure in non-smokers: ALOT study , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 63 No. 2 (2005): Pulmonary series
- Pompilio Faggiano, Francesco Fattirolli, Anna Frisinghelli, Lucrezia Piccioli, Nicolò Dasseni, Maria Vittoria Silverii, Laura Albricci, Giuseppe D'Ambrosio, Rosaria Garrì, Luigi Esposito, Francesco Giallauria, Secondary prevention advices after cardiovascular index event: From drug prescription to risk factors control in real world practice , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 89 No. 2 (2019)
- Pratap Upadhya, Shivam Garg, Jeevanandham A., Nesamani Daniel Ponraj, Ahmed Wayez, An unexpected and unusual cause of pulmonary hypertension in a patient with hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection causing pulmonary artery hypertension , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 94 No. 1 (2024)
- Bruno Balbi, Claudio Marcassa, Fabrizio Pisani, Giacomo Corica, Antonio Spanevello, Integrated care of chronic degenerative non-communicable diseases and rehabilitation: the odd couple? , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 87 No. 1 (2017)
- Daniel Brito, Igor Goykhman, Kevin Bryan Lo, Yaser Alhamshari, Jorge Luis Peñalver, Francisco Aguilar, Eduardo Quintero, Aditi Kalla, Evan Friend, Gregg S. Pressman, Aortic stenosis calcium scoring in a racially mixed sample , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 90 No. 4 (2020)
- Francesco Vetta, Giampaolo Vetta, Sonia Bracchitta, Maria Mignano, Antonella Mattatelli, Cardiac resynchronization therapy in the elderly. How much is it safe and beneficial? , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 89 No. 1 (2019)
- Berardo Sarubbi, Gabriella Farina, Diego Colonna, Anna Correra, Emanuele Romeo, Giovanni Domenico Ciriello, Guido Oppido, Maria Giovanna Russo, Subcutaneous finger cardioverter-defibrillator in low weight paediatric patients: a case series , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 93 No. 1 (2023)
<< < 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
