https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2025.3205
Waist circumference and altered metabolic indices are associated with increased resting pulse rate in middle-aged adults
Submitted: September 16, 2024
Accepted: December 5, 2024
Published: January 10, 2025
Accepted: December 5, 2024
Abstract Views: 0
PDF_EARLY VIEW: 0
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Metabolic indices significantly impact cardiovascular health. Research on the influence of metabolic indices on resting pulse rate in younger adults is needed. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) Wave 5 Public-use biological data, we performed a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the predictive factors of resting pulse rate in adults aged 32-42 years. We controlled for sex, anthropometrics, lipid indices, diabetic status, blood pressure, and antihypertensive use. The total number of participants was 1839 (weighted n=1,390,763), the mean age was 38.1 [standard deviation (SD)=2.0] and the mean pulse rate was 75.2 (SD=11.6). Notably, body mass index did not exhibit a statistically significant relationship with resting pulse rate. Conversely, females presented a statistically significant higher pulse rate than males when adjusted for other variables [p<0.001; coefficient = 4.83; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.54-6.13], as did individuals with increased waist circumference (p=0.023; coefficient = 2.62; 95% CI: 0.39- 4.85). The data indicated a progressive rise in pulse rate correlating with elevated low-density lipoprotein and hemoglobin A1C levels, particularly among those with severe hypercholesterolemia (p=0.048, coefficient = 6.42; 95% CI: 0.12-12.71) and diabetes (p<0.001, coefficient = 7.11; 95% CI: 3.3-10.92). A significant increase was also observed in individuals with hypertension stage 1 and 2 [p<0.001 for both; coefficients = 2.98 (95% CI: 1.45-4.52) and 7.2 (95% CI: 5.28-9.12), respectively]. These findings underscore the necessity of considering metabolic indices in understanding the pathophysiology of elevated pulse rates in adults, thereby enhancing comprehension of cardiovascular tachyarrhythmias in younger adults.
Goorakani Y, Sedigh Rahimabadi M, Dehghan A, et al. Correlation of resting heart rate with anthropometric factors and serum biomarkers in a population-based study: fasa PERSIAN cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020;20:319.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01594-y
Ogliari G, Mahinrad S, Stott DJ, et al. Resting heart rate, heart rate variability and functional decline in old age. CMAJ 2015;187:E442-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150462
Broman ME, Vincent JL, Ronco C, et al. The relationship between heart rate and body temperature in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2021;49:e327-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004807
Reimers AK, Knapp G, Reimers CD. Effects of exercise on the resting heart rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. J Clin Med 2018;7:503.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120503
Costin A, Costin N, Cohen P, et al. Effect of exercise on heart-rate response to mental stress in teenagers. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20:593-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312444369
Schneider M, Kraemmer MM, Weber B, Schwerdtfeger AR. Life events are associated with elevated heart rate and reduced heart complexity to acute psychological stress. Biol Psychol 2021;163:108116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108116
Wang S, Fashanu OE, Zhao D, et al. Relation of elevated resting heart rate in mid-life to cognitive decline over 20 years (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities [ARIC] study). Am J Cardiol 2019;123:334-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.013
Nanchen D, Stott DJ, Gussekloo J, et al. Resting heart rate and incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction: the PROSPER study. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:581-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfs195
Ashour L, Ayesh L, Jarrar Z, et al. Altered anthropometrics and HA1c levels, but not dyslipidemia, are associated with elevated hs-CRP levels in middle-aged adults: a population-based analysis. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2024. doi:10.1097/HPC.0000000000000378
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HPC.0000000000000378
Whitsel, EA, Angel R, O’Hara R, et al. Add health wave v documentation: cardiovascular measures. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17615/gtme-ag52.
Harris KM, Udry JR. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), 1994-2018 [Public Use]. Available from. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21600.v25.
Jing FY, Wang XL, Song JL, et al. Association between clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and resting heart rate in Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Cardiol 2022;19:418-27.
Freitas Júnior IF, Monteiro PA, Silveira LS, et al. Resting heart rate as a predictor of metabolic dysfunctions in obese children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2012;12:5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-5
Pal GK, Adithan C, Ananthanarayanan PH, et al. Sympathovagal imbalance contributes to prehypertension status and cardiovascular risks attributed by insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetics. PLoS One 2013;8:e78072.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078072
Lambert E, Straznicky N, Sari CI, et al. Dyslipidemia is associated with sympathetic nervous activation and impaired endothelial function in young females. Am J Hypertens 2013;26:250-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hps016
Ikeda S, Shinohara K, Enzan N, et al. A higher resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular event risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res 2023;46:1090-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-023-01178-1
Hadad R, Larsen BS, Weber P, et al. Night-time heart rate variability identifies high-risk people among people with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2021;38:e14559.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14559
Li Y, Deng B, Guo Y, et al. Correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin, ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in patients with hypertension. Zhong Nan Da Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021;46:488-96.
Keshavarzi S, Braffett BH, Pop-Busui R, et al. Risk Factors for Longitudinal Resting Heart Rate and Its Associations With Cardiovascular Outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care 2021;44:1125-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-2387
Hadad R, Akobe SF, Weber P, et al. Parasympathetic tonus in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes and its clinical implications. Sci Rep 2022;12:18020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22675-2
Kamakura M, Maruyama R. Elevated HbA1c levels are associated with the blunted autonomic response assessed by heart rate variability during blood volume reduction. Tohoku J Exp Med 2016;240:91-100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.240.91
Kanagala A, M HJ. Metabolic dysregulation and its multifaceted impact on cardiovascular autonomic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from comprehensive assessment. Cureus 2024;16:e59776.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59776
Akasha R, Ahmad S, Abdeen R, et al. Linking elevated HbA1c with atherogenic lipid profile among high risk cardiovascular patients at Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Bioinformation 2024;20:212-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6026/973206300200212
Kang P, Kim KY, Shin HY. Association between dyslipidemia and glycated hemoglobin in a population-based study. Metabolited 2024;14:92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14020092
Jalal DA, Vásárhelyi B, Blaha B, et al. Interrelationship of hemoglobin A1c level lipid profile, uric acid, C-reactive protein levels and age in a large hospital database. Mol Cell Probes 2023;72:101933.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2023.101933
Yadav RL, Yadav PK, Yadav LK, et al. Association between obesity and heart rate variability indices: an intuition toward cardiac autonomic alteration - a risk of CVD. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017;10:57-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S123935
Ross R, Neeland IJ, Yamashita S, et al. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020;16:177-89.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
Wenting W, Yeran J, Wenfeng Z, et al. Increased resting heart rate and glucose metabolism in a community population. J Int Med Res 2021;49:3000605211053754.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211053754
Quer G, Gouda P, Galarnyk M, et al. Inter- and intraindividual variability in daily resting heart rate and its associations with age, sex, sleep, BMI, and time of year: retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of 92,457 adults. PLoS One 2020;15:e0227709.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227709
Christofaro DGD, Casonatto J, Vanderlei LCM, et al. Relationship between resting heart rate, blood pressure and pulse pressure in adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017;108:405-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170050
Shen L, Wang Y, Jiang X, et al. Dose-response association of resting heart rate and hypertension in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine 2020;99:e19401.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019401
Goonasekara CL, Balse E, Hatem S, et al. Cholesterol and cardiac arrhythmias. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010;8:965-79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1586/erc.10.79
Grisanti LA. Diabetes and arrhythmias: pathophysiology, mechanisms and therapeutic outcomes. Front Physiol 2018;9:1669.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01669
Lip GYH, Coca A, Kahan T, et al. Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología (SOLEACE). Europace 2017;19:891-911.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux091
Zeitler EP, Poole JE, Albert CM, et al. Arrhythmias in female patients: incidence, presentation and management. Circ Res 2022;130:474-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319893
Ethics Approval
This research conducted a secondary analysis for publicly available, de-identified data, produced in compliance with the North Carolina Public Health Institutional Review Board (Chapel Hill, NC).How to Cite
Ashour, Laith, Zaid Taimeh, Moaiad Hussein, Zeid Jarrar, Nicola Hanna Madani, Noor Mnaa, Layan Ayesh, et al. 2025. “Waist Circumference and Altered Metabolic Indices Are Associated With Increased Resting Pulse Rate in Middle-Aged Adults”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, January. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2025.3205.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Paolo Biagi, Luigi Abate, Massimo Alessandri, Salvatore Bocchini, Valerio Verdiani, Giuseppe Pettinà , Carlo Nozzoli, Heart failure with preserved systolic function: prevalence and clinical features in a cohort of patients admitted to internal medicine units. The study PRESYF-HF Tuscany , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 68 No. 3 (2007): Cardiac series
- Gabriella Malfatto, Paola Cuoccio, Caterina Bizzi, Giovanna Branzi, Alessandra Villani, Francesco Della Rosa, Gianfranco Parati, Mario Facchini, What underlies NYHA class in elderly patients with heart failure? role of diastolic dysfunction, functional mitral regurgitation and abnormal ventilation during exercise , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 72 No. 2 (2009): Cardiac series
- Irene Landi, Suliman Alharbil, Abdullah Alfehaid, Sarah Aldosari, Abdalla Eltayeb A.A, Nadiah Alruwaili, Roberto Troisi, Domenico Galzerano, Mario Pirisi, Olga Vriz, Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of outcome in liver transplant patients , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Early Access
- Maria Vincenza Polito, Mario Ferraioli, Alessandra Nocilla, Guido Coppola, Federica D’Auria, Antonio Marzano, Luca Barnabei, Marisa Malinconico, Eduardo Bossone, Francesco Ferrara, CHARGE syndrome and congenital heart diseases: systematic review of literature , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 94 No. 3 (2024)
- Berardo Sarubbi, Gaetano Rea, Giuseppe Santoro, Enrico Melillo, Giancarlo Scognamiglio, Maria Giovannna Russo, Pulmonary veins stenosis relief after an inappropriate radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in a young non-competitive athlete , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 88 No. 1 (2018)
- Ahmed Ghanaym, Khaled Elkhashab, Gomaa AbdelRazek, Eman Mahmoud, Evaluation of left atrial dysfunction by speckle tracking echocardiography in systolic and diastolic heart failure , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 92 No. 4 (2022)
- Alfonso Sforza, Maria Viviana Carlino, Mario Guarino, Salvatore Russo, Giovanni Albano, Fiorella Paladino, Costantino Mancusi, A case of pulmonary edema: The critical role of lung-heart integrated ultrasound examination , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 88 No. 3 (2018)
- Alfredo Monteverde, Valeria Carlino, Giulia Ganci, Giuseppe Taormina, Mario Barbagallo, Treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 88 No. 2 (2018)
- Riccardo Raddino, Ivano Bonadei, Melissa Teli, Federica Chieppa, Giorgio Caretta, Debora Robba, Gregoriana Zanini, Enrico Vizzardi, Livio Dei Cas, Peripartum Cardiomyopathy , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 70 No. 1 (2008): Cardiac series
- S. Al-Muhairi, T. Zoubeidi, M. Ellis, M. Gary Nicholls, W. Safa, J. Joseph, Demographics and microbiological profile of Pneumonia in United Arab Emirates , Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: Vol. 65 No. 1 (2006): Pulmonary series
<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
